Modern Somalia was once colonized by Italy and Britain. British Somaliland gained independence first, in June 1960, followed by Mogadishu in July of the same year. The two regions then united to form a federation.
However, Somalis believe that Djibouti, northern Kenya, and Ogaden in Ethiopia should also be part of their nation. This belief is illustrated on the country's flag, which features five stars.
In the 1970s, Somalia invaded Ethiopia, and after suffering defeat, the country plunged into inter-clan conflicts. This turmoil led to a civil war in 1991, during which Somaliland declared independence and formed its own government. Subsequently, it signed a treaty with Ethiopia, granting much-needed access to the sea. However, Mogadishu does not recognize Somaliland or the treaty with Ethiopia.
The complex conflict in this part of Africa also involves the interests of Egypt, Türkiye, Kenya, and other countries, making it difficult to reduce tensions in the region. Will Somaliland achieve recognition, and will the African Union play a role in peace negotiations: these questions remain unanswered.
